Which Word Best Describes the Art of Eloquence or the Use of Words to Inspire Others

Performing a voice communication to a live audience

The orator Cicero speaks to the Roman Senate.
Cicero Denounces Catiline (1889), fresco by Cesare Maccari

Public speaking, besides chosen oratory or oration, has traditionally meant the act of speaking face to face to a alive audition. Today information technology includes whatever course of speaking (formally and informally) to an audience, including pre-recorded speech delivered over neat distance by means of engineering science.

Confucius, one of many scholars associated with public speaking, once taught that if a voice communication was considered to be a adept voice communication, information technology would bear upon the individuals' lives whether they listened to it directly or non.^[1] His idea was that the words and actions of someone of ability tin can influence the world.^[1]

Public speaking is used for many different purposes, only unremarkably some mixture of teaching, persuasion, or entertaining. Each of these calls upon slightly unlike approaches and techniques.

Public speaking has developed every bit a primary sphere of knowledge in Hellenic republic and Rome, where prominent thinkers codified it as a central part of rhetoric. Today, the art of public speaking has been transformed by newly available technology such as videoconferencing, multimedia presentations, and other nontraditional forms, but the essentials remain the aforementioned.

Purpose of public speaking [edit]

The function of public speaking depends entirely on what effect a speaker intends when addressing a particular audience. The aforementioned speaker, with the same strategic intention, might evangelize a substantially different spoken communication to two different audiences. The signal is to change something, in the hearts, minds, or deportment of the audience.

Despite its name, public speaking is often delivered to a airtight, limited audience with a broadly common outlook. Audiences may exist ardent fans of the speaker; they may be hostile (attending an outcome unwillingly), or they may be random strangers (indifferent to a speaker on a soapbox in the street). All the aforementioned, effective speakers remember that fifty-fifty a small audience is non one unmarried mass with a unmarried point of view merely a diverseness of individuals.^[two]

Every bit a wide generalization, public speaking seeks either to reassure a troubled audience or to awaken a complacent audience to something of import. Having decided which of these approaches is needed, a speaker will then combine information and storytelling in the way most likely to achieve it.

Persuasion [edit]

The word persuasion comes from a Latin term "persuadere."^[3] The main goal behind a persuasive voice communication is to change the beliefs of a speaker's audience.^[3] Examples of persuasive speaking tin be found in whatever political argue where leaders are trying to persuade their audience (general public or members of the government).^[iii]

Persuasive speaking can be defined every bit a style of speaking in which there are iv parts to the process: the one who is persuading, the audience, the method in which the speaker uses to speak, and the message that the speaker is trying to enforce.^[3] When trying to persuade an audience, a speaker targets the audience's feelings and beliefs, to help change the opinions of the audition.^[3]

There are different techniques a speaker can utilise to gain the support of an audience.^[iii] Some of the major techniques would include demanding the audition to take action, using inclusive language (we & usa) to brand the audition and speaker seem as if they are one group, and choosing specific words that take a stiff connotative meaning increasing the affect of the message.^[three] Asking rhetorical questions, generalizing information, including anecdotes, exaggerating meaning, using metaphors, and applying irony to situations are other methods in which a speaker can enhance the chances of persuading an audience.^[3]

Education [edit]

Knowledge may be transferred through public speaking.

Intervention [edit]

The intervention way of speaking is a relatively new method proposed by a rhetorical theorist named William R. Brown.^[iv] This manner revolves around the fact that humans create a symbolic meaning for life and the things we interact with around them.^[4] Considering of this, the symbolic meaning of everything changes based on the manner we communicate.^[4] When approaching communication with an intervention manner, advice is understood to be responsible for the constant changes in our society, behaviors, and how we consider the meaning behind objects, ideologies, and the manner nosotros conduct our twenty-four hours-to-twenty-four hours lives.^[4]

From an interventional perspective, when individuals communicate, they are intervening with what is already a reality and might "shift symbolic reality."^[4] This approach to advice also encompasses the possibility or idea that nosotros may exist responsible for unexpected outcomes due to what and how nosotros communicate.^[4] This perspective also widens the scope of focus from a single speaker who is intervening to a multitude of speakers all communicating and intervening, simultaneously affecting the earth around united states.^[4]

History [edit]

Greece [edit]

Although there is evidence of public voice communication grooming in ancient Egypt,^[v] the first known piece^[6] on oratory, written over 2,000 years ago, came from aboriginal Greece. This work elaborated on principles fatigued from the practices and experiences of aboriginal Greek orators.

Aristotle was one who first recorded the teachers of oratory to use definitive rules and models. Ane of his primal insights was that speakers always combine, to varying degrees, three things: reasoning, credentials, and emotion, which he called Logos, Ethos, and Pathos.^[7] Aristotle's work became an essential office of a liberal arts education during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. The classical artifact works written by the ancient Greeks capture the ways they taught and adult the art of public speaking thousands of years ago.

In classical Hellenic republic and Rome, rhetoric was the master component of composition and speech commitment, both of which were disquisitional skills for citizens to use in public and private life. In ancient Greece, citizens spoke on their own behalf rather than having professionals, like modern lawyers, speak for them. Any citizen who wished to succeed in court, in politics, or in social life had to acquire techniques of public speaking. Rhetorical tools were starting time taught past a grouping of rhetoric teachers called Sophists who were notable for educational activity paying students how to speak effectively using the methods they developed.

Separately from the Sophists, Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle developed their own theories of public speaking and taught these principles to students who wanted to learn skills in rhetoric. Plato and Aristotle taught these principles in schools that they founded, The Academy and The Lyceum, respectively. Although Greece somewhen lost political sovereignty, the Greek culture of training in public speaking was adopted nigh identically by the Romans.

Demosthenes was a well-known orator from Athens. After his begetter died when he was vii, he had three legal guardians which were Aphobus, Demophon, and Theryppides.^[eight] His inspiration for public speaking came later on he learned that his guardians had robbed his father's money left for his education.^[9] He was offset exposed to public speaking when his accommodate required him to speak in front end of the court.^[10] Demosthenes started practicing public speaking more after that and is known for sticking pebbles into his rima oris in order to help his pronunciation, talk while running so that he wouldn't lose his jiff while speaking, and practice talking in forepart of a mirror to improve his delivery.^[ten] When Philip II, the ruler of Macedon, tried to conquer the Greeks, Demosthenes made a spoken language called Kata Philippou A. ^[8] In this spoken communication, he spoke to the rest of the Greeks almost why he opposed Philip II and why he was a threat to them.^[8] This spoken communication was one of the first speeches that were known equally Philippics.^[10] He had other speeches known every bit Olynthiacs and these speeches along with the Philippics were used to get the people in Athens to rally confronting Philip II.^[ten] Demosthenes was known for being in favor of independence.^[9]

Rome [edit]

In the political rise of the Roman Republic, Roman orators copied and modified the ancient Greek techniques of public speaking. Instruction in rhetoric developed into a full curriculum, including education in grammar (study of the poets), preliminary exercises (progymnasmata), and preparation of public speeches (declamation) in both forensic and deliberative genres.

The Latin style of rhetoric was heavily influenced by Cicero and involved a strong emphasis on a broad education in all areas of humanistic written report in the liberal arts, including philosophy. Other areas of written report included the use of wit and humour, the appeal to the listener's emotions, and the use of digressions. Oratory in the Roman empire, though less fundamental to political life than in the days of the Republic, remained meaning in constabulary and became a big course of amusement. Famous orators became like celebrities in ancient Rome—very wealthy and prominent members of gild.

The Latin style was the primary form of oration until the beginning of the 20th century. After World War 2, however, the Latin style of oration began to gradually abound out of mode every bit the tendency of ornate speaking was seen as impractical. This cultural change likely had to do with the rising of the scientific method and the emphasis on a "plain" way of speaking and writing. Even formal oratory is much less ornate today than it was in the Classical Era.

China [edit]

Aboriginal China had a delayed outset to the implementation of Rhetoric (persuasion) as Communist china did not have rhetoricians teaching rhetoric to its people.^[i] Information technology was understood that Chinese rhetoric was already inside Chinese philosophy.^[i] However, aboriginal China did have philosophical schools that focused on two concepts: "'Wen' (rhetoric) and 'Zhi' (thoughtful content)."^[i] Aboriginal Chinese rhetoric shows strong connections with modern-24-hour interval teachings of public speaking because of ethics being of high value in Chinese rhetoric.^[1]

Aboriginal Chinese rhetoric had three meanings: modifying language use to reverberate people'south feelings; modifying the language used to be more than punctual, constructive, and impactful; and rhetoric being used as an "aesthetic tool."^[1] Traditionally, Chinese rhetoric focused primarily on written language vice spoken, only written linguistic communication and spoken linguistic communication share similar constructional characteristics.^[1]

The unique and key difference between Chinese rhetoric and the rhetoric of western cultures can exist plant in the type of audition beingness persuaded.^[1] In western rhetoric, a public audition is typically the target for persuasion, whereas state rulers were the focus for persuasion in Chinese rhetoric.^[1] Some other divergence between Chinese and Western rhetoric practices is how a speaker establishes credibility or Ethos.^[one] The ethical appeal in Chinese rhetoric is non solely focused on the speaker itself, as seen with the western implementation of credibility, merely more in the way that the speaker connects to the audience with collectivism.^[i] A speaker can accomplish this by sharing personal experiences and establishing a connection between a speaker'due south concern and public interest.^[ane]

When analyzing public speakers, the Chinese arroyo to rhetoric indicates that an audience should place three standards: tracing, exam, and practice.^[1] Establishing the tracing of a speaker can exist described equally how the speaker is speaking according to traditional practices of speech.^[1] Examination refers to the consideration of noncombatant'southward daily lives.^[ane] Practice is found in the topic or argument itself and that it is relevant and benefits the "state, society, and people."^[1]

Theorists [edit]

Aristotle [edit]

Aristotle and i of his most famous writings, "Rhetoric" (written in 350 B.C.Eastward), accept been used as a foundation for learning how to main the arts of public speaking. In his works, rhetoric is the act of publicly persuading the audience.^[11] Rhetoric is like to dialect in that he defines both existence acts of persuasion. However, dialect is the act of persuading someone in private, whereas rhetoric is near persuading people in a public setting.^[xi] More specifically, Aristotle defines someone who practices rhetoric or a "rhetorician" as an individual who is able to interpret and empathise what persuasion is and how information technology is applied.^[xi]

Aristotle breaks up the making of the practice of rhetoric into iii categories, the categories beingness the elements of a speech: the speaker, the topic or point of the speech communication, and the audience.^[11] ^[12] Aristotle also includes 3 types of oratory or respects: politics, forensic, and ceremonial.^[12] The political oratory is used when the intent is to convince someone or a body of people to practice something or not.^[12] In the forensic approach, someone is the center of attention for them to be accused or defended. Lastly, with the ceremonial approach, someone is being recognized for their actions in either a positive or negative manner.^[12]

Aristotle breaks down the political category into v focus or themes: "ways and means, war and peace, national defense, imports and exports, and legislation."^[12] These focuses are broken downward into detail so that a speaker tin focus on what is needed to accept into consideration so that the speaker can effectively influence an audience to agree and support the speaker's ideas.^[12] The focus of "means and means" deals with economical aspects in how the country is spending coin.^[12] "Peace and War" focus on what the country has to offer in terms of armed services ability, how war has been conducted, how war has afflicted the country in the past, and how other countries have conducted war.^[12] "National defense" deals with taking into consideration the position and strength of a country in the upshot of an invasion. Forces, fortifying structures, points with a strategic reward should all be considered.^[12] "Food supply" is concerned with the power to back up a country in regards to food, importing and exporting food, and advisedly making decisions to arrange agreements with other countries.^[12] Lastly, Aristotle breaks down the "legislation" theme, and this theme seems to be the most important to Aristotle. The legislation of a country is the nigh crucial attribute of all the above because everything is afflicted past the policies and laws prepare by the people in power.^[12]

In Aristotle'south "Rhetoric" writing, he mentions three strategies someone can apply to endeavour to persuade an audience:^[11] Establishing the grapheme of a speaker (Ethos), influencing the emotional chemical element of the audition (Pathos), and focusing on the statement specifically (Logos).^[eleven] ^[13] Aristotle believes establishing the grapheme of a speaker is effective in persuasion because the audience will believe what the speaker is saying to exist true if the speaker is apparent and trustworthy.^[eleven] With the audition'southward emotional state, Aristotle believes that individuals exercise non make the same decisions when in different moods.^[eleven] Considering of this, 1 needs to try to influence the audition by being in control of 1's emotions, making persuasion effective.^[eleven] The argument itself can affect the attempt to persuade by making the argument of the case so clear and valid that the audience will understand and believe that the speaker'southward bespeak is real.^[11]

In the last role of "Rhetoric", Aristotle mentions that the nearly critical piece of persuasion is to know in detail what makes up government and to assail what makes information technology unique: "customs, institutions, and interest".^[12] Aristotle too states that everyone is persuaded by considering people's interests and how the society in which they alive influences their interests.^[12]

Historical speeches [edit]

Despite the shift in style, the all-time-known examples of stiff public speaking are nevertheless studied years later on their delivery. Among these examples are:

Pericles' Funeral Oration in 427 BC addressing those who died during the Peloponnesian War
Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address in 1863
Sojourner Truth'southward identification of racial bug in "Ain't I a Adult female?"
Martin Luther Male monarch, Jr.'south "I Have a Dream" speech communication at the Washington Monument in 1963.^[14]

Equally in other parts of full general culture, the notion of a canon of the virtually of import historical speeches is giving way to a broader agreement. Many previously forgotten historical speeches are beingness recovered and studied.^[15]

Women and public speaking [edit]

Between 18th and 19th century The states, women were publicly banned from speaking in the courtroom, the senate floor, and the pulpit.^[16] ^{[ pages needed ]} Information technology was also accounted improper for a woman to be heard in a public setting. Exceptions existed for women from the Quaker faith assuasive them speak publicly in meetings of the church.^[17] ^{[ pages needed ]}

Frances Wright was one of the start female public speakers of the United states, advocating equal education for both women and men through big audiences and the printing.^[xvi] ^{[ pages needed ]} Maria Stewart, from an African American descent, was also ane of the get-go female speakers of the The states, lecturing in Boston in forepart of both men and women but 4 years afterward Wright, in 1832 and 1833 on educational opportunities and abolition for young girls.^[17] ^{[ pages needed ]}

The American Anti-Slavery Society, offset female person agents, and sisters, Angelina Grimké and Sarah Grimké created a platform for public lectures to women and conducted tours betwixt 1837 and 1839. The sisters advocated how slavery relates to women's rights and why women need equality^[eighteen] following disagreement with churches that did not agree with the public speaking due to beingness women.^[xix]

In addition to figures in the United States, there are many international female speakers. Much of women'southward earlier public speaking is directly correlated to activism work. Emmeline Pankhurst, who was a British political activist, founded the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) on October x, 1903.^[xx] The system was aimed towards fighting for a woman'south right for parliamentary vote, which merely men were granted for at the time.^[21] Emmeline was known for existence a powerful orator that led many women to rebel through militant forms until the outbreak of Earth State of war I in 1914.^[xx]

Malala Yousafzai is a modern-day public speaker who was born in the Swat Valley in Pakistan and is an educational activist for children and women.^[22] Afterwards the Taliban restricted the educational rights of women in the Swat Valley, Yousafzai presented her first spoken language How Dare the Taliban Take Away My Basic Correct to Pedagogy? in which she protested the shutdowns of the schools.^[23] She presented this speech to a press in Peshawar.^[23] Through this, she was able to bring more sensation to the situation in Pakistan.^[23] She is known for her "inspiring and passionate speech communication" well-nigh educational rights given at the Un.^[22] She is the youngest person ever to receive the Nobel Peace Prize, which was awarded to her in 2014.^[22] Her public speaking has brought worldwide attending to the difficulties of the young girls in Pakistan. She continues to advocate for educational rights for children and women worldwide through the Malala Fund^[22] with the purpose of helping girls all effectually the world receive 12 years of didactics.^[23]

Kishida Toshiko (1861-1901) was a female speaker during the Japanese Meiji Period. In Oct 1883, she publicly delivered a speech entitled 'Hakoiri Musume' (Daughters Kept in Boxes) in forepart of approximately 600 people.^[24] Performed in Yotsu no Miya Theater in Kyoto, she criticised the activity of parents that shelter their daughters from the outside world. Despite her prompt arrest, Kishida demonstrates the power for Japanese women to evoke women's issues, experience, and liberation in public spaces through the utilize of public speaking. ^[25]

Glossophobia [edit]

The fear of speaking in public, known as glossophobia^[26] or public speaking anxiety,^[27] is often mentioned every bit one of the most common phobias.^[26] ^[27]

The reason is uncertain, simply it has been speculated that this fear is key, like fauna fearfulness of being seen by predators.^[28]

However, the apprehension experienced when speaking in public can have a number of causes.^[26] ^[27]

Training [edit]

Effective public speaking can be developed by joining a club such as Rostrum, Toastmasters International, Association of Speakers Clubs (ASC), or Speaking Circles, in which members are assigned exercises to improve their speaking skills. Members learn by observation and practice and hone their skills by listening to constructive suggestions followed by new public speaking exercises.

Toastmasters International

Toastmasters International is a public speaking system with over fifteen,000 clubs worldwide and more than 300,000 members.^[29] This organisation helps individuals with their public speaking skills too as other skills necessary for them to grow and become effective public speakers.^[30] Members of the club meet and work together on their skills as each fellow member practices giving speeches while the other members evaluate and provide feedback.^[xxx] There are too other small-scale tasks that the members practice like practice impromptu speaking by talking about different topics without having anything planned.^[30] Each member has a specific role and all of these roles assistance with the process of gaining their skills as public speakers and every bit leaders.^[xxx] The number of roles lets each member be able to speak at to the lowest degree one time at the meetings.^[29] Members are too able to participate in a multifariousness of oral communication contests in which the winners can compete in the World Championship of Public Speaking.^[31]

Rostrum

Rostrum is another public speaking organization founded in Australia with more 100 clubs all over the country.^[32] This system aims at helping people become better communicators no thing the occasion.^[32] At the meetings, speakers are able to gain skills by presenting speeches and members provide feedback to those presenting.^[33] There is also a qualified speaking trainer that provides more than feedback at the end of the meetings.^[33] There are also competitions that are held for members to participate in.^[32] An online club is likewise available for members, no matter where they live.^[34]

The new millennium has seen a notable increment in the number of training solutions offered in the form of video and online courses. Videos can provide actual examples of behaviors to emulate. Professional public speakers often engage in ongoing training and didactics to refine their craft. This may include seeking guidance to improve their speaking skills such as learning better storytelling techniques, learning how to effectively utilize humor as a communication tool, and continuously researching in their topic area of focus.^{[ citation needed ]}

Professional speakers [edit]

Public speaking for business and commercial events is often done past professionals, whose expertise is well established. These speakers can be contracted independently, through representation by a speakers agency, or by other means. Public speaking plays a large part in the professional world. In fact, it is believed that 70 percent of all jobs involve some form of public speaking.^[35]

Mod [edit]

Technology [edit]

New technology has too opened different forms of public speaking that are nontraditional such as TED Talks, which are conferences that are broadcast globally. This course of public speaking has created a wider audience base because public speaking can now reach both concrete and virtual audiences.^[36] These audiences can exist watching from all around the world. YouTube is another platform that allows public speaking to reach a larger audition. On YouTube, people can postal service videos of themselves. Audiences are able to watch these videos for all types of purposes.^[37]

Multimedia presentations tin can contain different video clips, audio furnishings, animation, light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation pointers, remote control clickers, and countless bullet points.^[38] All adding to the presentation and evolving our traditional views of public speaking.

Public speakers may use audience response systems. For large assemblies, the speaker will usually speak with the help of a public address organisation or microphone and loudspeaker.

These new forms of public speaking, which tin can be considered nontraditional, have opened up debates nigh whether these forms of public speaking are really public speaking. Many people consider YouTube dissemination to not be true form of public speaking because there is not a real and physical audience. Others argue that public speaking is about getting a group of people together in guild to educate them farther regardless of how or where the audience is located^{[ commendation needed ]}.

Telecommunication [edit]

Telecommunication and videoconferencing are as well forms of public speaking. David Grand. Fetterman of Stanford University wrote in his 1997 article Videoconferencing over the Internet: "Videoconferencing engineering allows geographically disparate parties to hear and see each other usually through satellite or telephone communication systems." This technology is helpful for large conference meetings and face-to-face advice betwixt parties without demanding the inconvenience of travel.

Notable modern theorists [edit]

Harold Lasswell developed Lasswell's model of communication. There are v basic elements of public speaking that are described in this theory: the communicator, bulletin, medium, audition, and outcome. In curt, the speaker should be answering the question "who says what in which channel to whom with what effect?"

Encounter also [edit]

Audition response
Crowd manipulation
Debate
Eloquence
Eulogy
Glossophobia
List of speeches
Public orator
Persuasion
Rhetoric
Speechwriter
Speakers' agency
Thematic estimation
Toastmasters International

References [edit]

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^ Flintoff, John-Paul (2021). A Modest Volume Near How To Make An Adequate Speech. Short Books. p. 52. ISBN978-1780724560. An audience is non a single entity, only a group of individuals who differ from one another perhaps every bit much as they may differ from yous. If you lot forget that, the slip is unlikely to work in your favor.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Hassan Sallomi, Azhar (2018-01-01). "A STYLISTIC STUDY OF PERSUASIVE TECHNIQUES IN POLITICAL DISCOURSE". International Periodical of Language University. 6 (23): 357–365. doi:10.18033/ijla.3912. ISSN 2342-0251.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Opt, Susan Yard. (September 2019). ""To Intervene: A Transcending and Reorienting Goal for Public Speaking."". Atlantic Journal of Communication. 27 (4): 247–259. doi:10.1080/15456870.2019.1613657. S2CID 181424112.
^ Womack, Morris K.; Bernstein, Elinor (1990). Spoken language for Foreign Students. Springfield, IL: C.C. Thomas. p. 140. ISBN978-0-398-05699-5 . Retrieved June 12, 2017. Some of the primeval written records of training in public speaking may exist traced to ancient Egypt. Nevertheless, the almost significant records are establish amidst the ancient Greeks.
^ Irish potato, James J. "Demosthenes – greatest Greek orator". Encyclopædia Britannica.
^ Heinrichs, Jay. (2008). Give thanks You For Arguing. Penguin. p. 39. ISBN978-0593237380. Aristotle chosen them logos, ethos, and pathos, and and then will I, considering the meanings of the Greek versions are richer than those of the English language versions
^ ^a ^b ^c May, James (2004). "Demosthenes". Salem Press. Bully Lives from History: The Ancient World, Prehistory-476 c.e. Retrieved December 12, 2020.
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^ Bahdwar, Neera. "Sarah Grimké and Angelina Grimké Weld: Abolitionists and Feminists". The Future of Freedom Foundation. FFF. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
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^ Purvis, June (2013), Gottlieb, Julie V.; Toye, Richard (eds.), "Emmeline Pankhurst in the Backwash of Suffrage, 1918–1928", The Aftermath of Suffrage: Women, Gender, and Politics in Britain, 1918–1945, London: Palgrave Macmillan U.k., pp. 19–36, doi:x.1057/9781137333001_2, ISBN978-ane-137-33300-1 , retrieved 2020-12-13
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^ Flintoff, John-Paul (2021-02-07). "Tin can I Take Your Attention? How I came to dear public speaking". theguardian.com. The fear is central, because for most of history if you had lots of eyeballs on you, information technology meant you were virtually to be gobbled upwardly. For thousands of years, hardly anyone knew what it felt like to be stared at, and listened to, by large groups of others.
^ ^a ^b Yasin, Burhanuddin; Champion, Ibrahim (November 12–13, 2016). "FROM A Form TO A Guild". Proceedings of the 1st English language Pedagogy International Conference (EEIC) in Conjunction with the 2nd Reciprocal Graduate Research Symposium (RGRS) of the Consortium of Asia-Pacific Education Universities (CAPEU) Between Sultan Idris Education University and Syiah Kuala University. ISSN 2527-8037.
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^ "Toastmasters International -". world wide web.toastmasters.org . Retrieved 2020-12-thirteen .
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^ ^a ^b "Rostrum Australia - FAQ". www.rostrum.com.au . Retrieved 2020-12-13 .
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^ Schreiber, Lisa. Introduction to Public Speaking. ^{[ ISBN missing ]}[1]
^ Gallo, Scarlet (2014). Talk Like TED: The nine Public-Speaking Secrets of the World's Tiptop Minds. St. Martin'due south Printing. ISBN978-1466837270.
^ Anderson, Chris (2016). TED Talks: The Official TED Guide to Public Speaking. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
^ Ridgley, Stanley K. (2012). The Consummate Guide to Business School Presenting: What your professors don't tell you... What you absolutely must know. Anthem Press.

External links [edit]

Public speaking at Curlie
How to speak so that people want to listen

heeheeha

wildmanduct1950.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_speaking